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Coverage

Rental deposit

North Dakota security deposit return — N.D. Cent. Code § 47-16-07.1

Sub-nationalUS-NDRead off primary law

North Dakota

Rule id
deposit.us-nd
Version
1.0.0
In force from
August 1, 2023
Last read against its sources
August 5, 2026
Countries bound
United States

In plain language

What this regime says.

North Dakota gives a landlord 30 days to deal with a security deposit after the tenancy ends. A written itemised statement of deductions is mandatory. A landlord who misses the statutory deadline can be liable for up to 3× the wrongfully withheld amount.

Who is covered

Residential tenants in North Dakota whose landlord has kept some or all of a security deposit.

What you get

The wrongfully withheld part of your deposit, potentially multiplied by 3.

Where claims go wrong

  • Waiting. The limitation period runs from the day the deadline was missed, not from the day you noticed.
  • Accepting a partial payment marked "full and final settlement" without reserving your rights in writing.

Authority

Every citation,
with its pinpoint.

A claim that cites “EU law” gets filed. A claim that cites Article 7(1)(c) gets answered. These are the exact coordinates this entry rests on.
  1. N.D. Cent. Code § 47-16-07.1North Dakota Century Code, tit. 47, ch. 16 (Leasing of Real Property)URL verified 2026-08-05§ 47-16-07.1
  2. N.D. Cent. Code § 27-08.1-01North Dakota Century CodeURL verified 2026-08-05§ 27-08.1-01(1) — small claims jurisdiction
  3. N.D. Cent. Code § 28-01-16North Dakota Century CodeURL verified 2026-08-05§ 28-01-16(1), (2) — six-year limitation

Sources

Where a figure is indexed, converted or published by a regulator rather than fixed in the instrument, the provenance is recorded separately. Anything marked as a modelled estimate is exactly that — a model, not a statutory number.

What it imposes

Clocks, defences and the ladder.

A rule module builds these while it evaluates, because a limitation period depends on which forum is open to you. What follows is the structure this regime produces — deliberately with no dates and no figures, because those belong to your facts rather than to the law.

The clocks it starts

  • Landlord's deadline to account for the depositN.D. Cent. Code § 47-16-07.1 gives the landlord 30 days from 2026-07-09 to return the deposit and account for any deductions.N.D. Cent. Code § 47-16-07.1 — § 47-16-07.1Response due
  • North Dakota limitation period for a deposit claimFatal if missedSix years under N.D.C.C. § 28-01-16(1) on a contract, obligation or liability, and § 28-01-16(2) on "a liability created by statute, other than a penalty or forfeiture". A landlord will argue the treble element is a penalty outside subsection (2), so do not let the claim run past the six years on the contract limb. The clock runs from 2026-08-08, the day the landlord's own deadline expired.N.D. Cent. Code § 28-01-16 — § 28-01-16(1), (2)Limitation period

What it entitles you to, beyond money

  • Interest on the depositNorth Dakota requires interest to be paid on a residential security deposit. Rate basis: the interest actually earned on the federally insured account the deposit was required to be held in. § 47-16-07.1(1) requires the landlord to "deposit the money in a federally insured interest-bearing savings or checking account for the benefit of the tenant", and provides that "The security deposit and any interest accruing on the deposit must be paid to the lessee upon termination of a lease". Subsection 3 carves out short tenancies: "A lessor is not required to pay interest on security deposits if the period of occupancy was less than nine months in duration." Ask which institution held the money and what it earned — a landlord that commingled the deposit cannot answer, and its own breach is not a reason to pay you nothing. Ask for it expressly: it is routinely forgotten and is owed on top of the deposit itself.§ 47-16-07.1

What the other side will say

Each of these is a refusal this regime lets a counterparty attempt, paired with the answer to it. Reading them before you write is worth more than any amount of polish on the letter itself.

The landlord charges you for ordinary wear and tear

high likelihood

The landlord bills you for repainting, carpet cleaning, or "making good" the unit, treating ordinary deterioration as damage.

What answers it

North Dakota does not allow a deposit to be applied to normal wear and tear. § 47-16-07.1(3)(c) allows deduction of "The costs of cleaning or other repairs which were the responsibility of the lessee, and which are necessary to return the dwelling unit to its original state when the lessee took possession, reasonable wear and tear excepted." The measure is the state of the unit when you moved in, so make the landlord produce its move-in record before it charges you for the difference. Ask the landlord to identify, item by item, what exceeds that standard, and to produce the move-in condition record that shows the item was not already worn when you took possession.

N.D. Cent. Code § 47-16-07.1 — § 47-16-07.1

"The carpet/paint had to be replaced"

high likelihood

The landlord charges the full cost of a new carpet, new paint or a new appliance against your deposit.

What answers it

A tenant is not liable for the full replacement cost of an item that was already part-way through its useful life. The recoverable figure is the depreciated value of the remaining life, not a new-for-old replacement. Ask for the installation date and the invoice; carpet is conventionally depreciated over five to ten years and interior paint over two to four. A landlord who cannot date the item cannot prove the loss, and in a deposit case the landlord carries the burden.

N.D. Cent. Code § 47-16-07.1 — § 47-16-07.1

"We never received a forwarding address"

high likelihood

The landlord says it could not return the deposit because it did not know where to send it.

What answers it

Produce the written record — the email, the text, the certified-mail receipt, the notice-to-vacate that carried the address, or the change-of-address confirmation from the postal service. A landlord who received the address and did nothing cannot rely on this. If the address genuinely was never given, give it now in writing: in most states that starts the clock rather than ending the claim.

N.D. Cent. Code § 47-16-07.1 — § 47-16-07.1

"We sent you the itemisation"

high likelihood

The landlord asserts it posted the itemised statement inside the statutory window and that you simply did not receive it.

What answers it

Ask for proof of despatch, not proof of intention: the certificate of mailing, the certified-mail receipt, the tracking number, or the timestamped email. Most deposit statutes require the statement to be sent within the period, and the landlord bears the burden of showing it did so. An unevidenced assertion that a letter was posted is not evidence that it was.

N.D. Cent. Code § 47-16-07.1 — § 47-16-07.1

"We had to have the unit professionally cleaned"

high likelihood

A flat "cleaning fee" is deducted whether or not the unit was left dirty.

What answers it

A standing cleaning charge applied to every tenant is not a loss caused by you and is not a permitted deduction. The landlord must show the unit was left less clean than it was at move-in and must produce the invoice for the work actually done. Compare the move-in and move-out condition records; where the landlord did not make a move-in record, it has little with which to prove the difference.

N.D. Cent. Code § 47-16-07.1 — § 47-16-07.1

"You have not shown we acted in bad faith"

high likelihood

The landlord treats the treble damages as though a state of mind had to be proved.

What answers it

§ 47-16-07.1(4) says nothing about bad faith. It reads: "A lessor is liable for treble damages for any security deposit money withheld without reasonable justification." The only question is whether the withholding was reasonably justified, and the landlord is the party holding the invoices, the photographs and the move-in record with which to justify it. Ask for them in writing and let the answer speak.

N.D. Cent. Code § 47-16-07.1 — § 47-16-07.1

"You broke the lease, so we keep the deposit"

medium likelihood

The landlord treats an early departure as forfeiting the deposit outright.

What answers it

A deposit is security for actual loss, not a penalty. Breaking a lease may make you liable for rent until the unit is re-let, but the landlord must mitigate, must itemise what it actually lost, and must still account for the deposit within the statutory period. A blanket forfeiture clause does not survive: deposit statutes are generally non-waivable, so a lease term purporting to let the landlord keep the money regardless is unenforceable.

N.D. Cent. Code § 47-16-07.1 — § 47-16-07.1

"The pet deposit is separate and there is no limit on it"

medium likelihood

A large non-refundable "pet fee" is kept in full.

What answers it

§ 47-16-07.1(2) caps it: "A pet security deposit may not exceed the greater of two thousand five hundred dollars or an amount equivalent to two months' rent." It is a security deposit like any other, so it is subject to the same accounting, the same thirty days and the same treble exposure. And it may not be charged at all "for keeping an animal that is not a service animal or companion animal required by a tenant with a disability as a reasonable accommodation under fair housing laws".

N.D. Cent. Code § 47-16-07.1 — § 47-16-07.1

"The account earned no interest"

medium likelihood

The landlord returns the deposit with nothing added.

What answers it

§ 47-16-07.1(1) obliges the lessor to hold the deposit "in a federally insured interest-bearing savings or checking account for the benefit of the tenant" and to pay the interest accruing on it at the end of the lease. Interest is only excused where "the period of occupancy was less than nine months in duration". Ask which institution held it and what it paid. A landlord that kept the money in its own operating account has breached the subsection, and that breach is evidence going to whether anything it kept was reasonably justified.

N.D. Cent. Code § 47-16-07.1 — § 47-16-07.1

Where to take it next

  1. Written demand to the landlordSend a dated letter that quotes N.D. Cent. Code § 47-16-07.1, states the date the statutory clock started and the date it expired, sets out the sum claimed, and gives a deadline of 14 days. Send it by a method that produces proof of despatch. Most deposits come back at this stage, because the letter shows the landlord you know the deadline it missed.Claim directtypically 14 days
  2. North Dakota Attorney General — Consumer Protection and Antitrust DivisionTakes complaints and mediates landlord-tenant disputes. It does not order a deposit repaid; the small claims court does. File the complaint if you want a paper trail, but do not wait on it before filing the claim.Regulatortypically 60 daysofficial page
  3. North Dakota Small Claims Court (the district court judges sitting in that jurisdiction)Binding on themThe claim limit is USD 15,000. § 27-08.1-01(1) confines small claims to cases "for recovery of money ... when the value of the agreement or the amount claimed by the plaintiff or the defendant does not exceed fifteen thousand dollars". A defendant may remove the case to the ordinary district court docket, so expect that if the trebled figure is large. Bring the lease, the deposit receipt, your move-in and move-out photographs, the forwarding-address proof and your demand letter.Small claimstypically 90 daysofficial page

Documents

What this regime can produce.

Every one of these is a document you send yourself, in your own name. Duesday never writes to anybody on your behalf and is never anyone’s agent.

The same claim type elsewhere

Albania — rental deposit (Kodi Civil (Civil Code), qiraja)ALNationalAlbaniaKodi Civil (Civil Code), qirajaConfidence: lowAustria — rental deposit (Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (ABGB) § 16b, and the Mietrechtsgesetz (MRG))ATNationalAustriaAllgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (ABGB) § 16b, and the Mietrechtsgesetz (MRG)Confidence: lowBelgium — rental deposit (Regional housing codes: Vlaams Woninghuurdecreet, Décret wallon relatif au bail d’habitation, Code bruxellois du Logement)BENationalBelgiumRegional housing codes: Vlaams Woninghuurdecreet, Décret wallon relatif au bail d’habitation, Code bruxellois du LogementConfidence: lowBosnia and Herzegovina — rental deposit (The law of obligations of the relevant entity (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina or Republika Srpska) and the applicable housing legislation)BANationalBosnia & HerzegovinaThe law of obligations of the relevant entity (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina or Republika Srpska) and the applicable housing legislationConfidence: lowBulgaria — rental deposit (Закон за задълженията и договорите (Obligations and Contracts Act), наем)BGNationalBulgariaЗакон за задълженията и договорите (Obligations and Contracts Act), наемConfidence: lowCroatia — rental deposit (Zakon o najmu stanova and the Zakon o obveznim odnosima)HRNationalCroatiaZakon o najmu stanova and the Zakon o obveznim odnosimaConfidence: lowCyprus — rental deposit (Rent Control Law of 1983 (23/1983) for controlled tenancies, and the general law of contract)CYNationalCyprusRent Control Law of 1983 (23/1983) for controlled tenancies, and the general law of contractConfidence: lowCzechia — jistota / kauce (Občanský zákoník § 2254)CZNationalCzechiaObčanský zákoník (89/2012 Sb.), § 2254Confidence: high

Other rights in the same countries

Does this one reach your facts?

The engine runs every regime that could apply at once and reconciles them, rather than making you guess which page to read.

Not a law firm. Not legal advice. You send it yourself. This page describes a law; it is not advice about your situation and no outcome is promised.